What is a computer?

Computer is an electronic device which can calculate, store and process the given data and output the result in a specified format.
A computer basically consists of three major components CPU, Monitor and Keyboard.

Evolution Of Computer

The evolution of computers spans millennia, reflecting a continuous journey of innovation and discovery. From ancient tools like the abacus, which emerged as early as 3000 BC, to cutting-edge technologies such as quantum computers, the trajectory of computing has been marked by profound advancements. In the 17th century, the advent of mechanical calculators like the abacus laid the foundation for computational devices, paving the way for subsequent developments. However, it was the visionary contributions of pioneers like Charles Babbage in the 19th century that truly propelled electronic computing into the realm of possibility. Babbage, often hailed as the “father of computer,” conceptualized groundbreaking designs such as the Analytical Engine, which introduced fundamental computing concepts like programmability and memory storage. The mid-20th century witnessed a seismic shift with the birth of electronic digital computers like ENIAC and the revolutionary development of transistors and integrated circuits. These technological breakthroughs ushered in an era of unprecedented innovation, leading to the creation of smaller, faster, and more powerful computing machines. By the late 20th century, computing had become increasingly accessible with the rise of personal computers, mainframes, and minicomputers, transforming how individuals and organizations interacted with technology. As we entered the 21st century, computing continued to evolve at an exponential pace, with the advent of mobile and wearable computing, cloud computing, and groundbreaking advancements in artificial intelligence and quantum computing. These transformative technologies are reshaping the landscape of computing, ushering in a future where the boundaries of what is possible are constantly being redefined.

Components of computer

Hardwares

Hardwares are physical parts of a computer which we can touch with our hands and are in the physical form.These tangible parts perform various functions within a computer system.

There are basically two categories of hardwares.

1. Internal Components:
   • Motherboard: The main system board to which other components connect. It includes integrated chipsets, controllers, and sockets for adding new components.
   • CPU (Central Processing Unit): The brain of the computer that processes instructions and controls other hardware.
   • Memory (RAM): Temporarily stores data for the CPU to process.
   • Storage Devices: Hard drives and solid-state drives (SSDs) hold applications and files even after the computer is powered off.
   • Controller Cards and Expansion Cards: Plug into motherboard slots to expand capabilities (e.g., video cards, network interfaces).
   • PSU (Power Supply Unit): Converts AC from a wall socket into DC to power components.
2. External Peripherals:
   • Monitors: Display output from the video card, providing a graphical user interface.
   • Keyboards and Mice: Accept input from users, allowing text entry and voice command execution.
   • Speakers and Headphones: Play sounds generated by the computer.
   • Printers and Scanners: Print documents or create digital copies.
   • External Storage Devices: Easily connect and disconnect to transfer data between computers.

Softwares

Software is a logical part of a computer which is required to run various tasks. Unlike hardwares, softwares cannot be touched with our hands. It has no physical form.

Computer software can be categorized into two groups.

1. System software: It resides between a computer’s hardware and the graphical user interface (GUI). It is responsible for overseeing and governing computer resources, including memory, processor, and network functionality. These softwares can be further divided into the following categories.
   • Operating Systems: It serves as a bridge connecting users and computer hardware. Operating systems like WindowsOS, Linux, MacOS, and UNIX illustrate this, with Linux being a notable free and open-source option.
   • Device Drivers: Device drivers are software components that enable communication between an operating system and hardware devices. They act as intermediaries, allowing the operating system to interact with and control various hardware components like printers, graphics cards, or storage devices.
   • Utility Softwares: It is a category of system software designed to perform specific tasks that enhance the overall functionality and performance of a computer. These softwares typically focus on system management, optimization, and maintenance. Examples include antivirus programs, disk cleanup tools, file management utilities, and system monitoring applications.
2. Application software: It is also known as end-user software, refers to programs designed to perform specific tasks for users. These software allow users to interact directly with the computer to accomplish various tasks. Examples include web browsers, MS Office, word processing software, spreadsheets, Adobe Photoshop, and VLC media player.

Types Of Computer (Based on size and performance )

Supercomputer

These are super fast computers with extremely powerful processors and memory devices. Supercomputers are generally used for Weather forecasting, oil and gas explorations, nuclear fusion, designing launch path for satellites etc.

 Mainframe computer

These computers are mostly used for commercial purpose by big organisations and financial institutions.

The name mainframe describes the computer with big frames with high computational power and speed.

ATM (Automated Teller Machine) is an example of Mainframe computer.

Minicomputer

Computers in between Mainframe and Microcomputers in term of power and performance are categories as Minicomputers.

Minicomputers are compact in size but more powerful than a general purpose Microcomputer. Some of the examples of Minicomputer are: Ipad, Smartphone and touch pads.

Microcomputer

All the computers using microprocessors as their CPU are called Microcomputer. General purpose laptops and desktops we use are the example of Micocomputers.

Types Of Computer (Based on working principle)

Analog Computers

The computers where analog (continuous) signal is used to process the calculations are termed as analog computers. Some of the examples are photocopier, thermameter, voltmeters, fuel level indicators etc.

Digital Computers

Most of the computers which we use in our homes and offices are digital computers. These machines works by processing binary digits i.e zeros (0) and ones (1).

Hybrid Computers

Hybrid computers are the combination of Digital and Analog computers. These computers are mostly used in the industries and organisations. Both analog and digital signal are used to process the complex calculations.

Quantum Computers

This is an emerging field in computer technology, where computers works on the principle of Quantum mechanics rather than classical mechanics. Here information is stored in qubits whereas in Digital computer bits are units of data storage.

Types Of Computer (Based on generations)

• First generation (1940-1950): This generation of computers were mainly based on vaccum-tubes for operations.
• Second generation (1950-1960): Computers of this generation were mainly based on transistors.
• Third generation (1960-1970): Third generation computers were based on integrated circuits for their operations.
• Fourth generation (1970- present): These computers are based on microprocessor.
• Fifth generation (present-future): These are sophisticated computers utilizing potent microprocessors with added capabilities of Artificial Intelligence.